Self-driving cars, also known as autonomous vehicles (AVs), are vehicles that can sense their environment and navigate without human intervention. They use a combination of sensors, cameras, radar, lidar, GPS, and artificial intelligence (AI) to perceive the road, traffic, and obstacles, and to plan and execute the best course of action. Self-driving cars have the potential to revolutionize transportation, mobility, safety, and sustainability, but they also face many technical, ethical, and social challenges.

How do work?

Self-driving cars rely on various technologies to perform the tasks that human drivers normally do, such as steering, accelerating, braking, signalling, and parking. These technologies include:

• Sensors: These are devices that measure physical properties, such as distance, speed, angle, or light, and convert them into electrical signals. Use different types of sensors, such as cameras, radar, lidar, ultrasonic, and infrared, to collect data about the surrounding environment, such as the position and movement of other vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, animals, road signs, traffic lights, lane markings, and road edges.
• Algorithms: These are sets of rules or instructions that process the data collected by the sensors and generate outputs, such as commands, decisions, or predictions. Various algorithms, such as computer vision, machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks, to analyze the sensor data and perform tasks, such as object detection, classification, segmentation, tracking, localization, mapping, path planning, and control.
• Artificial intelligence: This is the ability of machines or systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as perception, reasoning, learning, decision making, and problem solving. AI to integrate and coordinate the sensor data and the algorithms, and to adapt to changing and complex situations, such as weather, traffic, or road conditions.
• Hardware: This is the physical equipment or components that support the software and the algorithms. Self-driving cars use various hardware, such as processors, memory, storage, communication modules, and actuators, to run the software and the algorithms, and to communicate and interact with the external devices and the vehicle itself.

What are the levels?

Self-driving cars can be classified into six levels, according to the degree of human involvement and intervention required, as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE):

• Level 0: No automation. The human driver performs all the driving tasks, and the vehicle may have some warning or intervention systems, such as blind spot detection or lane departure warning.
• Level 1: Driver assistance. The vehicle can assist the human driver with either steering or acceleration/deceleration, but not both. The human driver must monitor the environment and perform the rest of the driving tasks. Examples of level 1 systems are adaptive cruise control and lane keeping assist.
• Level 2: Partial automation. The vehicle can assist the human driver with both steering and acceleration/deceleration, under certain conditions. The human driver must still monitor the environment and be ready to take over the driving tasks at any time. Examples of level 2 systems are Tesla Autopilot and GM Super Cruise.
• Level 3: Conditional automation. The vehicle can perform all the driving tasks, under certain conditions, and monitor the environment. The human driver must be ready to intervene when the vehicle requests or when the conditions change. Examples of level 3 systems are Audi Traffic Jam Pilot and Honda Legend.
• Level 4: High automation. The vehicle can perform all the driving tasks, under certain conditions, and monitor the environment, without human intervention. The human driver can override or take over the driving tasks, if desired. Examples of level 4 systems are Waymo One and Cruise Origin.
• Level 5: Full automation. The vehicle can perform all the driving tasks, under all conditions, and monitor the environment, without human intervention or oversight. The human driver can only set the destination and start the system, if desired. There are no examples of level 5 systems yet.

What are the challenges?

Self-driving cars face many challenges, both technical and non-technical, that need to be overcome before they can become widespread and mainstream. Some of these challenges are:

• Technical challenges: These are the difficulties or limitations of the technologies that enable, Such as sensor reliability, algorithm accuracy, AI robustness, hardware performance, and cybersecurity. For example, sensors may fail or malfunction due to weather, dirt, or damage, algorithms may make errors or misinterpretations due to noise, ambiguity, or novelty, AI may lack explainability, transparency, or accountability, hardware may overheat, crash, or be hacked, and so on.
• Ethical challenges: These are the moral or ethical dilemmas or trade-offs that may encounter or create, such as safety, responsibility, liability, privacy, and fairness. For example, how should a self-driving car decide between harming its passengers or harming other road users, who should be held accountable or liable for the actions or outcomes of a self-driving car, how should the data collected by a self-driving car be used or protected, and how should the benefits and risks of self-driving cars be distributed or mitigated.
• Social challenges: These are the social or cultural issues or impacts may face or cause, such as acceptance, trust, regulation, employment, and urban planning. For example, how can consumers be convinced or persuaded to use or adopt. How can regulators or policymakers ensure or enforce the safety and legality. How can workers or industries affected. How can cities or communities be designed or adapted to accommodate.

What are the opportunities?

Self-driving cars also offer many opportunities, both for consumers and for society, that could outweigh or outweigh the challenges. Some of these opportunities are:

• Safety: Self-driving cars could reduce or eliminate human errors, which are the main cause of road accidents, injuries, and deaths. Self-driving cars could also communicate and cooperate with each other, and with the infrastructure, to avoid collisions and optimize traffic flow. Self-driving cars could save millions of lives and billions of dollars in health and economic costs.
• Convenience: Self-driving cars could provide more comfort and convenience for passengers, who could use their travel time for other activities, such as work, entertainment, or relaxation. Self-driving cars could also provide more mobility and accessibility for people who cannot or do not want to drive, such as the elderly, the disabled, or the young.
• Sustainability: Self-driving cars could reduce or eliminate emissions, congestion, and parking problems, by optimizing their routes, speeds, and distances, and by sharing or pooling their rides. Self-driving cars could also integrate with other modes of transportation, such as public transit, bikes, or scooters, to create a more efficient and multimodal mobility system. Self-driving cars could improve the environment and the quality of life for everyone.